Establishment of a regular army Creation of arsenals, taxation, and judicial systems Unification of numerous tribes
- Battles and Strategies : Emir Abdelkader led an effective guerrilla-style war: Key victories in western Algeria Signing of the Desmichels Treaty (1834) Signing of the Treaty of Tafna (1837) Despite his successes, French military superiority and scorched-earth tactics weakened the resistance.
- Surrender : In 1847, to avoid unnecessary bloodshed, Abdelkader surrendered in exchange for the promise of free exile — a promise not immediately honored.