Organizing the Resistance :
Establishment of a regular army
Creation of arsenals, taxation, and judicial systems
Unification of numerous tribes
- Battles and Strategies :
Emir Abdelkader led an effective guerrilla-style war:
Key victories in western Algeria
Signing of the Desmichels Treaty (1834)
Signing of the Treaty of Tafna (1837)
Despite his successes, French military superiority and scorched-earth tactics weakened the resistance.
- Surrender :
In 1847, to avoid unnecessary bloodshed, Abdelkader surrendered in exchange for the promise of free exile — a promise not immediately honored.